Metaphor, Kinâyah and Majâz in the Holy Qur'an: A Critical Analysis of Ibn Taymiyyah's Rejection of the Non-Literal Meaning

Abstract

This article examines metaphor, majâz, and kinâyah as forms of non-literal meaning in the language of the Qur’an, while critically reviewing Ibn Taymiyyah’s rejection of majâz. The study departs from the fact that Qur’anic language does not always operate in a strictly literal manner, but frequently employs expressions that require contextual, rhetorical, and semantic reading. This research uses a qualitative library-based approach by examining classical works of Arabic rhetoric, writings on Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), and sources discussing Ibn Taymiyyah’s view on literal and figurative meaning. The study finds that CMT, majâz, and kinâyah all affirm that language may convey meaning through systematic non-literal mechanisms rather than through random deviation. In this context, a total rejection of majâz is difficult to sustain, since Arabic—including Qur’anic language—is rich in semantic extension, indication, and transfer of meaning. An excessively literal approach risks narrowing interpretation, obscuring rhetorical beauty, and in some verses generating theological problems. Therefore, acknowledging non-literal meaning is essential for preserving interpretive accuracy and safeguarding theological integrity.