Reformulation of Criminal Justice Paradigm in 2023 Criminal Code: A Comparative Analysis of Human Rights and Islamic Legal Principles

Authors

  • Osamah Naufal Rahman Universitas Islam Negeri Siber Syekh Nurjati Cirebon, Indonesia
  • Risma Maulidar Universitas Islam Negeri Siber Syekh Nurjati Cirebon, Indonesia
  • Muhammad Diyaulhaq Rais Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam Üniversitesi , Turkey

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30983/tanfizi.v2i1.11187

Keywords:

Criminal Law, Criminal Code, Human Right, Reform

Abstract

The enactment of the 2023 Criminal Code marks a paradigm shift toward a more humane approach to punishment, one that is normatively grounded and aligned with human rights principles. This study stems from the tension between the classical retributive orientation of punishment and the global trend emphasizing corrective, rehabilitative, and restorative approaches, as well as respect for human rights. This study employs a descriptive-analytical normative qualitative method. Primary data sources include the Criminal Code and human rights instruments, while secondary data is drawn from books and journals on modern criminal justice. Modern Criminal Law is transforming into a human rights-based legal system rooted in the concept of human dignity and grounded in international human rights instruments, encompassing civil and political rights, economic, social, and cultural rights, as well as the rights of children, women, persons with disabilities, migrant workers, and the prohibition of torture. This requires continuous coordination among legal enforcers and practitioners. A human rights-based approach requires clear and empirically tested evaluative indicators to ensure the stable implementation of the law without discrimination. Reform must be accompanied by measurable and empirically verifiable evaluative parameters to ensure stable law enforcement. Ibn al-Qayyim stated that law enforcement is not only intended to punish but also to realize justice and the public good and to prevent harm. This indicates a normative alignment between modern human rights-based criminal law and the principles of Islamic law in positioning the human being as a subject whose dignity must be protected to ensure that law enforcement proceeds fairly, stably, and without discrimination.

References

Abdillah, J., Nurhayati, T., Najichah, N., Zohara, L., & Tholchah, M. (2024). Contribution Model of al-Mas’ūliyyah al-Jina’iyyah in the Formulation of Criminal Liability in Indonesia’s New Criminal Code. Al-Ahkam, 34(2 SE-Articles), 367–392. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2024.34.2.22592

Ali, M. (2018). Proporsionalitas dalam Kebijakan Formulasi Sanksi Pidana. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 25(1), 137–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol25.iss1.art7

Aningsih, A. P., Amelia, A. H., Soleha, P. A. A., Syah, R., & Saiin, A. (2026). Relevansi Ta’zir Sebagai Alternatif Pemidanaan Dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana Modern. Jurnal Tahqiqa: Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam, 20(1), 64–81.

Asy’ari, A. (2021). Paradigma hak asasi manusia dalam Universal Declaration of Human Rights dan Islam. MAQASIDI: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum, 1–23.

Bakhri, Z. K. A., Zakwan, M. F., Putra, S. N., Prama, R. H., & Pasha, M. H. (2024). Implementasi Sistem Kesejahteraan Skandinavia: Studi Perbandingan dan Potensinya di Indonesia. Public Sphere: Jurnal Sosial Politik, Pemerintahan Dan Hukum, 3(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59818/jps.v3i2.808

Bunga, F. T. (2024). Prinsip Sabat Bagi Restorasi Kehidupan Masyarakat Perkotaan. TRANSFORMATIO: Jurnal Teologi, Pendidikan, Dan Misi Integral, 1(02), 120–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61719/Transformatio.A2412.007

Butt, S. (2023). Indonesia’s new Criminal Code: indigenising and democratising Indonesian criminal law? Griffith Law Review, 32(2), 190–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2023.2243772

Dainori, D. (2020). Maslahah Sebagai Teori Penetapan Hukum: Telaah Atas Konsep Maslahah Ibnu Qayyim Al-Jauziyah. Nizham Journal of Islamic Studies, 8(01), 1–10.

Eskelner, M., Galbinst, Y., & Bakers, M. (2021). Sejarah Perbudakan: Dari Zaman Kuno hingga Kolonialisme Spanyol di Amerika. Cambridge Stanford Books.

Fatmawati, F., Shuhufi, M., & Anita Chaturvedi. (2023). Defamation in the New Criminal Code: A Review of Substantive Justice. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 11(3 SE-Articles), 465–480. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v11i3.1288

Friedman, L. M. (1975). The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective. Russell Sage Foundation. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=DKJ654VkMb8C

Hadi, A. P., Ridwan, R., Taun, T., Santoso, I. B., & Hambali, H. (2025). An Analysis of the Synchronization Between the Military Penal Code and Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code in the Sentencing System. LAW REFORM, 21(2), 379–400. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v21i2.71914

Hamzah, M., & Salsabila, M. (2024). Pemberdayaan perempuan sebagai hak asasi manusia. Jurnal Locus Penelitian Dan Pengabdian, 3(4), 343–356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.58344/locus.v3i4.2567

Hardinanto, A., Arief, B. N., Setiyono, J., Fernando, Z. J., & Sabrina, N. (2024). Critical Analysis of Living Law Formulation in Law No. 1 of 2023 Concerning the Criminal Code: Towards Law Reform to Realize Justice with the Spirit of Pancasila. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 5(3 SE-Articles), 1029–1066. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v5i3.13923

Huda, M. C. (2021). Metode Penelitian Hukum (Pendekatan Yuridis Sosiologis). The Mahfud Ridwan Institute.

Illu, W. (2024). Analisis Hukum Kompensasi Mata Ganti Mata Gigi Ganti Gigi dalam Keluaran 21: 22-25. Te Deum (Jurnal Teologi Dan Pengembangan Pelayanan), 14(1), 115–134. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.51828/td.v14i1.382

Iman, R. Q., & Joni. (2024). KEKUASAAN YUDIKATIF DALAM ISLAM Qadha, Tahkim, Mazhalim dan Hisbah. wawasan Ilmu.

Ismawati, S., & Hertini, M. F. (2025). Transformasi Kebijakan Pemidanaan Dalam Kuhp Nasional: Menuju Sistem Pemidanaan Yang Berkeadilan Dan Humanis. Simbur Cahaya, 283–306. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28946/sc.v32i2.5050

Mahendra, J. R., & Emovwodo, S. O. (2023). Monodualistic and Pluralistic Punishment Politics in Criminal Code Reform: Lessons from Indonesia. Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 1(2), 225–243. https://doi.org/10.62264/jlej.v1i3.17

Malau, P. (2023). Tinjauan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) Baru 2023. AL-MANHAJ: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 5(1), 837–844. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37680/almanhaj.v5i1.2815

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook .(Thousand Oak, CA, Sage Publication). Inc.

Mubarok, N. (2024). Sejarah perkembangan hukum pidana di Indonesia: Menyongsong kehadiran KUHP 2023 dengan memahami dari aspek kesejarahan. Al-Qanun: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Pembaharuan Hukum Islam, 27(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15642/alqanun.2024.27.1.15-31

Mubriani, S., & Yasin, D. T. (2025). Peran Hakim Sebagai Wakil Negara Dalam Menegakkan Hukum Pidana Perspektif Fiqh Siyasah. Sultan Amai Staatsrecht Journal, 3(02), 101–112.

Nasoha, A. M. M., Atqiya, A. N., Abdullah, I., Ukasyah, M. N., & Assaifi, V. G. (2025). Criminal Law in Muslim-Majority Countries: Balancing Sharia, Human Rights, and Global Standards. SHAHIH: Journal of Islamicate Multidisciplinary, 10(1), 1–18.

Nugraha, R. S., Rohaedi, E., Kusnadi, N., & Abid, A. (2025). The Transformation of Indonesia’s Criminal Law System: Comprehensive Comparison between the Old and New Penal Codes. Reformasi Hukum, 29(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.46257/jrh.v29i1.1169

Nurohim, M., Nurmala, L. D., Wijaya, S. A., & Efendi, S. (2025). Buku Referensi Hukum Pidana Asas, Teori Dan Praktik. PT. Media Penerbit Indonesia.

Prawiraharjo, B. S. U. (2023). Implementasi ide keseimbangan monodualistik dalam undang-undang nomor 1 tahun 2023 tentang kitab undang-undang hukum pidana. Jurnal Hukum Progresif, 11(2), 159–171. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14710/jhp.11.2.159-171

Ramadhan, A., & Yusuf, H. (2025). Keadilan yang memulihkan: Restorative justice sebagai alternatif penegakan hukum pidana yang humanis dan efisien. Jurnal Intelek Dan Cendikiawan Nusantara, 2(5), 9161–9179.

Reumi, F., Judijanto, L., Rahmawati, R., Setiyono, S., Thahir, T., Badilla, N. W. Y., & Purwaningsih, R. (2026). Hukum Pidana Indonesia. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.

Riziq, M. (2025). Rekonstruksi Teori Born Criminal (Lombroso) dalam Hukum Pidana Kontemporer. Southeast Asian Journal of Victimology, 3(1). https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.51825/sajv.v3i1.32777

Saragih, A., & Markoni, M. (2025). Pemberlakuan Pidana Mati dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia: Kajian Perbandingan KUHP Lama dan Baru serta Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia. Almufi Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora, 2(2), 28–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.63821/ash.v2i2.449

Saraswati, P. S. (2025). Perlindungan Hak Tersangka Dan Terdakwa: Penegakan Prinsip Fair Trial dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana. Jurnal Hukum Saraswati (JHS), 7(02), 1035–1044.

Sholihah, H., Judijanto, L., Fajrina, R. M., Saleh, I. N. S., Apriyanto, A., Pujiningsih, D., & Milia, J. (2024). Hak asasi manusia: Asal usul, penyusunan, dan implementasi. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.

Siregar, A. P., & Purba, N. (2025). Analisis Yuridis Terhadap Terjadinya Tindak Pidana Ringan di Serdang Bedagai (Nomor: 12/Pid. C/2024/PN Srh). Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 3(3), 2178–2189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v3i3.1584

Situmeang, S. M. T., & Meilan, K. (2025). Evolusi kejahatan dan pemidanaan: Tantangan dalam penegakan hukum dan penologi modern: The evolution of crime and punishment: Challenges in law enforcement and modern penology. Res Nullius Law Journal, 7(2), 87–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34010/rnlj.v7i2.15913

Sodiqin, A. (2015). Restorative Justice dalam Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan: Perspektif Hukum Pidana Indonesia dan Hukum Pidana Islam. Asy-Syir’ah Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 49(1), 63–100.

Syaid, A. J., SE, S. H., MH, M. M., Kn, M., Muhammad Fahruddin, S. H., & Ayu Novita Rantika Putri, S. H. (2026). Pembaruan Hukum Pidana: Buku Ajar. Prenada Media.

Tarmizi, P. Z. A. (2025). Perbandingan Penerapan Hukuman Mati Dalam Sistem Hukum Pidana di Indonesia Dan Negara-Negara Eropa: Tinjauan Terhadap Aspek Moral Dan Efektivitasnya. Jurnal Kajian Hukum Dan Kebijakan Publik| E-ISSN: 3031-8882, 2(2), 833–840. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.62379/tc4s7t13

Wibowo, A. (2026). PEMBARUAN KUHP dan KUHAP sebagai REKONSTRUKSI SISTEM HUKUM di INDONESIA. Yayasan Prima Agus Teknik.

Zulfiani, A., Probohudono, A. N., & Sangka, K. B. (2023). Pengaturan tindak pidana korupsi sebelum dan sesudah berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang KUHP, dalam upaya menurunkan angka korupsi pada sektor swasta. UNES Law Review, 5(4), 4303–4324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31933/unesrev.v5i4.741

Downloads

Published

2026-05-16

How to Cite

Rahman, O. N., Maulidar, R., & Rais, M. D. (2026). Reformulation of Criminal Justice Paradigm in 2023 Criminal Code: A Comparative Analysis of Human Rights and Islamic Legal Principles. Tanfizi : Journal of Islamic Constitutional and Political Law, 2(1), 71–86. https://doi.org/10.30983/tanfizi.v2i1.11187

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): June 2026

Section

Articles

Citation Check

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Osamah Naufal Rahman, Risma Maulidar, Muhammad Diyaulhaq Rais

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.