Catha Edulis Consumption and its Effects on Economic and Social Well-Being in Yemen

Authors

  • Yusep Abdulsiddik Al-Imam Al-Syafi’i University Hadramaut Al-Mukalla, Yemen
  • Sarah Afifah Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30983/al-hurriyah.v9i2.8581

Keywords:

Catha Edulis, Social Welfare, Yemen Economy

Abstract

This qualitative study investigates the impact of Catha edulis (qat) consumption on the economic and social well-being in Yemen, employing the Maqashid Syari'ah framework and a review of relevant literature. Based on secondary data from prior research and sources on Maqashid Syari'ah, the study reveals that qat consumption has significant negative effects on Yemeni society. Socially, it leads to diminished productivity, higher unemployment, and strained family relationships. Economically, the expense of qat diverts resources from essential needs, worsening poverty. Additionally, excessive qat use is linked to health issues, such as oral diseases and psychological problems, which further deteriorate societal well-being. The analysis, viewed through the Maqashid Syari'ah perspective which aims to protect and promote the well-being of individuals and society highlights a misalignment between qat’s socio-cultural benefits and Shariah objectives of safeguarding health, wealth, and family integrity. The study concludes with recommendations for policy and community strategies to address the adverse impacts of qat and foster a more comprehensive approach to improving well-being in Yemen

References

Al Shubbar, Mohammed D. “Understanding Khat: Its Sociocultural and Health Implications in Saudi Arabia.” Cureus, March 21, 2024. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.56657.

Al-ak’hali, Mohammed Sultan, Khaled Abdulsalam Al-haddad, and Nezar Noor Al-hebshi. “Oral Plasma-Cell Mucositis Exacerbated by Qat Chewing – A Case Series.” The Saudi Journal for Dental Research 6, no. 1 (January 2015): 60–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjdr.2014.05.001.

Al-Duais, Mohammed A., and Yahya S. Al-Awthan. “Association between Qat Chewing and Dyslipidaemia among Young Males.” Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences 14, no. 6 (December 2019): 538–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.09.008.

Al-Marwani, M. M. “Experimental Processes and Diffusion among Qat Farmers in Yemen.” Journal of the Faculty of Education 1, no. 10 (January 21, 2023): 7–31. https://doi.org/10.60037/edu.v1i10.1214.

Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali, and Ghadah Al-Sufyani. “Prevalence of Oral Cancer, Potentially Malignant Lesions and Oral Habits among Patients Visiting Dental School, Sana’a University.” Oral Oncology 49 (May 2013): S59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.03.152.

Al-Motarreb, A., M. Al-Habori, and K.J. Broadley. “Khat Chewing, Cardiovascular Diseases and Other Internal Medical Problems: The Current Situation and Directions for Future Research.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132, no. 3 (December 2010): 540–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.001.

Al‐Motarreb, Ahmed, Kathryn Baker, and Kenneth J Broadley. “Khat: Pharmacological and Medical Aspects and Its Social Use in Yemen.” Phytotherapy Research 16, no. 5 (August 2002): 403–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1106.

Alsalahi, Abdulsamad, Mohammed A. Alshawsh, Rosmawati Mohamed, Naelah A. Alyousefi, Mustafa Ahmed Alshagga, Abdrabuh N. Shwter, Ali Al-Maqtari, Radwan H. Ahmed, and Zahurin Mohamed. “Conflicting Reports on the Role of the Glycemic Effect of Catha Edulis (Khat): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 186 (June 2016): 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.045.

Alshagga, Mustafa Ahmed, Zahurin Mohamed, Atefehalsadat Seyedan, Francis J.P. Ebling, and Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh. “Khat (Catha Edulis) Upregulates Lipolytic Genes in White Adipose Tissue of Male Obese Mice (C57BL/6J).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 262 (November 2020): 113187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113187.

Balint, G. A., and Erica E. Balint. “On the Medico‐social Aspects of Khat (Catha Edulis) Chewing Habit.” Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 9, no. 2 (March 1994): 125–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.470090206.

Binti Abdul Rahman, Waheeda. “Al Qur’an Dan Wawasan Ekologi Perspektif Maqashid Syari’ah.” Tasyri’ : Journal of Islamic Law 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 119–39. https://doi.org/10.53038/tsyr.v2i1.71.

Chaouachi, Kamal T. “Qat Chewing and Water Pipe (Mada’a) Smoking in Yemen: A Necessary Clarification When Studying Health Effects on Oral Mucosa.” Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 104, no. 6 (December 2007): 731–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2007.08.030.

El-Setouhy, Maged, Rashad M. Alsanosy, Abdallah Alsharqi, and Ahmed A. Ismail. “Khat Dependency and Psychophysical Symptoms among Chewers in Jazan Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.” BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2642506.

Engidawork, Ephrem. “Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of CATHA EDULIS F. (Khat).” Phytotherapy Research 31, no. 7 (July 2017): 1019–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5832.

Getahun, Workineh, Teferi Gedif, and Fikru Tesfaye. “Regular Khat (Catha Edulis) Chewing Is Associated with Elevated Diastolic Blood Pressure among Adults in Butajira, Ethiopia: A Comparative Study.” BMC Public Health 10, no. 1 (December 2010): 390. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-390.

Helim, Abdul. Maqashid Al-Syari’ah versus Ushul Fiqh (Konsep Dan Posisinya Dalam Metodologi Hukum Islam). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2019.

Irmayanti, Azizah Putri, Zulheldi Zulheldi, Duski Samad, Syamsi Syamsi, and Febrian Maulana. “Urgensi Hukum Islam Dan Maqashid Syari’ah Dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam.” Ta Dib Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 13, no. 1 (February 11, 2024). https://doi.org/10.29313/tjpi.v13i1.13289.

Iskandar, Azwar, and Khaerul Aqbar. “Green Economy Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Maqashid Syari’ah.” Al-Mashrafiyah: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan, Dan Perbankan Syariah 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 83. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-mashrafiyah.v3i2.9576.

Kelly, John P. “Cathinone Derivatives: A Review of Their Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology.” Drug Testing and Analysis 3, no. 7–8 (July 2011): 439–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.313.

Kennedy, Chepukosi, Patrick Okanya, James Nyabuga Nyariki, Peris Amwayi, Ngalla Jillani, and Alfred Orina Isaac. “Coenzyme Q10 Nullified Khat-Induced Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity and Inflammation in a Mouse Model.” Heliyon 6, no. 9 (September 2020): e04917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04917.

Lemieux, Andrine M., Bingshuo Li, and Mustafa al’Absi. “Khat Use and Appetite: An Overview and Comparison of Amphetamine, Khat and Cathinone.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 160 (February 2015): 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.002.

Lim, Sharoen Yu Ming, Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh, Mustafa Alshagga, Cin Kong, Chee-Mun Fang, and Yan Pan. “CYP Gene Expression and In Vivo Biological Effects of Khat Ethanol Extract, Cathinone and Cathine in Caenorhabditis Elegans.” Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2023). https://doi.org/10.36877/pmmb.a0000344.

Lim, Sharoen Yu Ming, Athira Rafhana Binti Azidin, Yee Tze Ung, Mustafa Al-Shagga, Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh, Zahurin Mohamed, Chin Eng Ong, and Yan Pan. “Effect of 95% Ethanol Khat Extract and Cathinone on in Vitro Human Recombinant Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 Activity.” European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 44, no. 3 (June 2019): 423–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-018-0518-2.

Miftah, Ahmad Harisul. “Pencegahan Kematian Balita Dalam Perspektif Maqashid Asy-Syari’ah.” Syaksia : Jurnal Hukum Perdata Islam 23, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 70–87. https://doi.org/10.37035/syakhsia.v23i1.6464.

Misgana, Tadesse, Dejene Tesfaye, Daniel Alemu, Berhe Gebremichael, Dawit Tamiru, Mandaras Tariku, Adisu Birhanu Weldesenbet, and Merga Dheresa. “Khat Use and Associated Factors during Pregnancy in Eastern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.” Frontiers in Global Women’s Health 3 (December 2, 2022): 941300. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2022.941300.

Samud, Samud. “Maqashid Syari’ah Dalam Pembaharuan Hukum Ekonomi Islam.” Mahkamah : Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 3, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 45. https://doi.org/10.24235/mahkamah.v3i1.2750.

Weiß, Jennifer A., Magdalena Taschwer, Olaf Kunert, and Martin G. Schmid. “Analysis of a New Drug of Abuse: Cathinone Derivative 1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(Ethylamino)Pentan‐1‐one.” Journal of Separation Science 38, no. 5 (March 2015): 825–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201401052.

Zahran, M.A., A. Khedr, A. Dahmash, and Y.A. El-Ameir. “Qat Farms in Yemen: Ecology, Dangerous Impacts and Future Promise.” Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 2014): 107–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbas.2013.09.002.

Downloads

Published

2024-12-15

Citation Check